View source for AV-8B NA Harrier

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For those instances when going fast like a jet and also sitting still like a helicopter are just as desirable, there is the quintessential intermediate: the VTOL jump jet. Long before we got to the modern political and financial messes of Ospreys and F-35s, there was the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. First introduced in the late 1960s, it was developed into numerous different variants and generations, and licensed off to different companies to create ''their'' special version.

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The AV-8B NA Harrier II available in [[Digital_Combat_Simulator|DCS]] is a fairly late version, license-built by McDonnell Douglas for use by the USMC. The NA (Night Attack) variant, in particular, was designed for &mdash; shock and surprise &mdash; night-time ground attack missions, with built-in FLIR and tighter integration with NVGs and targeting pods. It uses a tilt-nozzle design to achieve V/STOL (Vertial or Short Take-Off and Landing) capabilities, primarily from aircraft carriers, but can also carry a shocking amount of precision weapons if full-length runways are available for more conventional take-offs.

The two main downsides is that with no radar and with only Sidewinders at its disposal, it is somewhat lacking in air-to-air (setting it apart from the &ldquo;Plus&rdquo; variant, with a radar rather than FLIR, and with the ability to carry AMRAAMs), and that it has the fuel capacity and flight range of a 1970s muscle car with a hole drilled through its petrol tank.

== Features ==
The Harrier is a bit of a narrow-focused sub-variant of a purpose-built special version of an already fairly specialised airframe, and its feature set readily reflects this:
* Built-in FLIR and laser-spot tracking for nigh-time precision attacks.
* A LANTIRN targeting pod to further enhance its ability spot and attack things at night.
* <del>IR- and</del> laser-guided Maverick missiles&hellip; unless they get removed.
* A highly capable and easy-to-use automated bombing mode.
* A&hellip; ''quirky'', let's say, but very flexible and capable sensor management system.
* A slightly less quirky, but a lot more strangely redundant, weapons management system.
* Drogue-style in-air refuelling where the probe is positioned so you can't keep your eyes on it&hellip;

The Harrier also has a side-job as something of a short-range SEAD aircraft. For this role, it comes with:
* The AGM-122 Sidearm anti-radiation missile (essentially an AIM-9 Sidewinder with its IR seeker replaced with a radar-emission seeker).
* An unusually capable jammer and counter-measure system.

And of course, it can take off and land vertically, with if you get the hang of setting the right balance between nozzle, pitch, and roll angles, and thrust settings (enough to stay up, not enough to set everything on fire) and doing it all before your fuel runs out. It has a bit of stability automation and HUD guidance to help with the process, though.

And yes, you ''can'' identify as an attack helicopter, and do hovering pop-up missile attacks from behind a hill, but chances are you will flip over and explode. And also run out of fuel.

=== Missing features ===
In one of the more controversial moves in recent DCS history, the Harrier is no longer marked &ldquo;Early Access&rdquo; in the DCS shop, but it is still far from a complete module in terms of what it is supposed to have. The label may be gone, but it is still only a beta-level module. It is fully capable of doing most of the things you expect it to, but just like with the [[Mirage_M-2000C|M2000C]] and [[MiG-19P_Farmer|MiG-19P]], in their rush to move on to newer, more exciting products, the developers have left some details behind.
* It still lacks a full systems-simulating damage model, so getting hit tends to be a bit binary. You explode, catch fire ''then'' explode, or just fly a bit wonky &mdash; the detailed system deterioration you can get in, for instance, the [[A-10C_Warthog|A-10C]] is not there yet.
* Some radio and navigation systems are still only shallowly simulated, with details such as INS drift and correction being a work in progress (some would argue that this is a good thing).
* The manual is still just a semi-complete &ldquo;pocket guide.&rdquo;
* The sensor management is prone to breaking down, making you lose (almost) all control over any sensors not built into the plane &mdash; Mavericks and the LANTIRN pod most notably.

=== Removed features ===
In an even more controversial move, the developer has begun pruning features from this supposedly fully-released product, removing weapon systems and capabilities that it previously had under (at best) flimsy or (more commonly) outright false pretences. This includes:
* The removal (or suggested removal) of a large number of AGM-65 Maverick variants.
* Removal of weapon pylon capacity.
* Removal of bomb variants.
* The removal of gun ammo variants and some ubiquitous and universally available rockets.
* Significant reductions in targeting pod and lasing capabilities.

=== Compatibility ===
The Harrier is primarily intended to take off from regular airfields, FARPS, and the [[DCS_Reference/Ships/Western#Tarawa-class_Amphibious_Assault_Ship|LHA-1 Tarawa]]. With just about all other carriers, there will be spawning issues for any Harriers set to &ldquo;Client&rdquo; skill &mdash; i.e. ones that are supposed to be player-controlled in multiplayer. For most western carriers, the Harrier will just outright refuse to spawn in a cold state on any of their parking spots. The flight will forever be delayed. It is still possible to do hot-start spawns, but only from the &ldquo;runways&rdquo;, which will obviously block all other traffic.

On the Russian carriers, the Harrier can do cold starts, but only as long as the group size is less than 3 &mdash; it will still only use the runway-start positions and there are 3 of those, which creates the limitation, but the flight can still be set to cold start. Just make sure nothing else spawns in any of the runway positions. Funnily enough, the ramp on the Kuznetsov should be perfect for the Harrier since the Brits used exactly that kind of setup on their carriers, but unfortunately, loading the aircraft down to the point where that ramp would be helpful will cause the it to break its nose wheel on take-off.

== Flying the AV-8B ==
Jumpjet functionality aside, in conventional flight, the AV-8B is really easy to fly. The assist systems needed to keep it right side up during VTOL operation keep stability high even outside of that regime, and its well laid-out glass cockpit makes everything easy to keep track of.

The pilot still needs to be aware of two things, however. The first is that the Harrier's broad stubby wings means it does not like to turn &mdash; it will happily pull high AoA and lose lots of speed really fast, but actually ''changing direction'' takes a while, and side-slipping is a constant issue. You ''can'' use thrust vectoring to compensate for some of that however. The second is that those same stubby wings, and the general narrow design, means that it ''does not'' react well to asymmetric loads. Firing off a missile will imbalance the aircraft and will require a fair amount of counter-stick or trimming to stay on top of. You also want to be aware of that imbalance as you turn since, combined with the aforementioned resistance to turning, you can quite easily accidentally roll into an attitude you almost ''can't roll out of'', where you will quickly lose speed and have the nose dip towards the ground. It rarely gets catastrophically uncontrollable, but requires some altitude to get out of, and should preferably be avoided to begin with.

=== Cockpit overview ===
[[File:AV8B-Dash.jpg|800px|frameless|AV-8B NA Harrier II dashboard.]]
[[File:AV8B-Pit.jpg|800px|frameless|AV-8B NA Harrier II cockpit.]]

=== Getting into the air ===
Getting the Harrier up and running is not a particularly complicated process. Its complexity means that it is not exactly [[F-5E-3_Tiger_II|F-5E-3]] quick, but it still has fewer systems, and thus less required setup, than the A-10C. Indeed, some systems ''can't'' be fully set up while you are still on the ground because they remain in a safe mode any time you have weight on wheels.

As with pretty much all full-sim aircraft there is the standardised {{Key|RWin}}{{Key|Home}} “cheat” hotkey to run through the startup process, and the full process is described in the manual and [[#Links_and_files|Chuck's Guide linked below]]. The short version of it all is:
* Turn on batteries and fuel on.
* Check the engine and VTOL systems, as well as fuel status.
* Turn the APU on and let it spool up.
* Turn the engine management (DECS) on and set the parking brake.
* Push the engine start button and monitor everything to ensure nothing catches fire.
* Align the INS (a somewhat complex, but reasonably brief affair, especially if starting on a carrier).
* Turn everything else on.
* Set the STO Stop lever to a proper angle so you don't over-rotate the nozzles and do something embarrassing during take-off (70° for rolling VTO; 35° for STO).
* Set the flaps to the right mode.
* Taxi into position (shouldn't be that far if it's a vertical take-off).
* Set the nozzles and push throttle &mdash; try not to tip over until in the air.
* Pull your wheels up, slowly adjust nozzles for forward flight, and set flaps back to cruise or auto mode.

In practical terms, flipping everything on takes more steps and more time, but the part that requires attention to look smooth and stylish is all that throttle/nozzle/flaps balancing at the very end.

=== Shooting something ===
Shooting things in the Harrier is on the one hand really simple, but on the other hand, requires fairly specific procedures that are slightly different for every single weapon. This slight paradox comes down to three main quirks with how the Harrier works:
* While both MFDs are seemingly interchangeable in terms of what you can show on them, they ''are not'' functionally equivalent. Some system functions are specifically tied to either the left or the right MFD, and will simply not work if you try to use the other display.
* The armament controls are ''almost but not quite'' redundant relative to the MFD Stores page and the settings you control from there via the UFC and ODU buttons. The armament control panel is more of a legacy from earlier variants, and it provides an quick and easy way to access some settings if you want to quickly change modes on the fly rather than as part of the attack pre-planning, but it is quite easy to change things in one place and then access the other only to find that everything has been reset. The exact details of how this works are not actually all that illogical, but requires more explanation than fits here.
* The sensor management, and in particular the HOTAS sensor controls are '''''extremely''''' context dependent, and there is no end to how enervating they can be if you misread exactly what sensor mode you are in and accidentally make an adjustment that cancels out whatever input you were trying to adjust. Notably, the LANTIRN pod needs to be very explicitly and carefully selected, or you can quite easily flip over to a completely different sensor that puts the whole pod into standby mode where all adjustments and targeting information is lost. Indeed, in the current state of the module, '''''mishandling the TGP will irrevocably break it as well as the laser tracking function''''' until you restart the mission.

As such, the whole topic of sensor management is a (long) lesson of its own, and best left for the manual, Chuck's guide, the training missions, and a myriad of online videos. Here, we will just look at two of the more simple cases.

==== Shooting an IR Maverick ====
Assuming it doesn't get removed in some future patch, the AGM-65F is among the easiest weapons to use on the Harrier, and the only real stumbling block is that it falls afoul of the first of the aforementioned quirks: it can only be controlled properly from the ''left'' MFD. If you try to activate it from a Stores page on the right MFD, nothing will happen.

The other thing that might trip you up is that the Maverick requires 3 minutes of warm-up (or cool-down) before it can be fired, and this can only happen with the Maverick selected while in the air. During this time, the Stores page will display a &ldquo;STBY&rdquo; flag on the bottom row, and '''''deselecting the Maverick at this stage will reset the timer'''''. Once it is up and running, however, the STBY will change to &ldquo;RDY&rdquo; and you can now freely select other weapons and not have to restart the timer.

[[File:AV8B Maverick.jpg|thumb|Launching a Maverick]]
With all that set up, the process for firing a Maverick at something you've found is fairly straight-forward:
# Make sure you are in AG mode, with Master Arm turned on.
# Make sure the Stores page is displayed on the ''left'' MFD.
# Make sure the Maverick is actually selected.
# Press the Cage/Uncage button on the HOTAS to start seeing the video feed form the missile. A &ldquo;U&rdquo; will also be shown on the HUD to indicate that the missile is uncaged.
# Press Up on the Sensor Select Switch to pick IRMV (or EOMV, if/when those are fitted) to make the Maverick the Sensor of Interest (SOI).<br><small>'''Note:''' this will be indicated both with the IRMV text in the upper left corner of the MFD, and with the IRMV text on the HUD being surrounded by a box. You can now slew the HUD box and MFD crosshair around using the HOTAS TDC.</small>
# Use the MFD sensor image or the HUD targeting box to put the crosshair on a target.<br><small>'''Note:''' if one is properly detected, the crosshair and targeting box will collapse, and (most likely) the HUD will show the IN RANGE cue.</small>
# Pickle.

==== Dropping a GBU-12 ====
A slightly more complex matter, but one that you will most likely do a lot since the Harrier can carry an insane amount of the little things, is dropping GBU-12 laser-guided bombs onto things. If someone else is doing the lasing (a buddy or a JTAC), this becomes fairly trivial &mdash; just set the correct laser code and drop bombs in vaguely the correct direction.

If you want to pick your own targets, however, you have to wrestle with the LANTIRN targeting pod, which, as mentioned, requires a bit of care not to break things.

Just like the Maverick has its post-takeoff warmup, the GBU needs to be set up properly by picking a laser code. This is done by going into the DMT screen (pick the lower middle MENU option on either MFD, and then the DMT mode on the left side of the display), selecting the CODE option on the upper left, and entering the desired code using the UFC keypad. This can only be done in the air &mdash; any time there is weight on the wheels, the code resets to 1111. If the input does not want to cooperate, deselect and then reselect the CODE option and it should work.

From there, you want to select the targeting pod on one &mdash; commonly the right-side &mdash; MFD (lower middle MENU, then middle right option). 

While it is possible to control most of the targeting pod's function through various HOTAS shortcuts, it is very finicky and easy to pick the wrong thing, thereby losing control over the TGP &mdash; in the current state of the module, this may become permanent until you restart &mdash; so it is generally advisable to stick to the MFD buttons and to stay away from the direct-control &ldquo;HST&rdquo; mode. Instead, '''''use TDC mode to control the targeting pod''''' since this is least likely to cause any issues.

[[File:AV8B GBU.jpg|thumb|Dropping a GBU-12]]
Caveats out of the way, the use of GBUs takes a few steps, but is actually fairly easy:
# Make sure you are in AG mode, with Master Arm turned on.
# Make sure the GBU-12 (or -16) is selected.
# Set up the fuzing (Instant) and delivery mode (AUTO for CCRP) using the armament control switches or the ODU buttons.
# Turn the TGP on, set it to TDC mode so you can slew the crosshair around, and adjust FoV and zoom levels using the left- and right-side buttons. Oh, and find a target in desperate need of some bombs.<br><small>'''Note:''' the targeting pod will decide on its own whether an area or point track is possible &mdash; it's generally pointless to try to force the issue using the MFD button, and more often it is a matter of crosshair placement whether the automatic point track is achieved or not.</small>
# Arm the laser, and make sure it's actually in lasing (LASR) mode rather than in training or point marker mode.
# The target spot will be marked on the HUD and in AUTO delivery mode, a bomb fall line will show up for you to follow by putting the flight path marker on top of it.
# As you approach the drop point, a release line will appear at the top of the HUD and will start to fall down towards the flight path marker. Press and hold the pickle button to consent, and the bomb(s) will release when conditions are met.
# Press the FIRE option on the MFD to actually lase the target after release. Don't forget to turn it off after detonation.

==== Resetting and DMT issues ====
After having launched a missile or dropped a bomb, you are usually confronted with the decision between immediately picking a new target or resetting and coming around for a second pass. Picking a new target is easy with both the above weapons: just uncage the next Maverick and slew it over, or just slew over the TGP crosshair and reposition for the next drop.

Both of these mean sticking around uncomfortably close to, or right above, enemy targets so it is fairly common to want to go out at a distance and start a new attack run. You can return the Mav seeker and TGP target spot to boresight (overlapping the flight path marker) by pressing the  NWS/AG Undesignate/FOV Toggle button on the HOTAS. From here, you can point your nose at the general direction of a target and slew the target marker or crosshair over more precisely to where you want it.

''However'', if you are in any way interacting with the DMT TV Tracker, in the current state of the Harrier module, it has a nasty habit of taking over everything and dictating how resetting and slewing works. It is very fond of not boresighting at all, but rather locking on to a random patch of sky or particularly interesting tuft of grass, and now your Maverick and/or TGP is stuck looking at that same spot. You may be lucky and do the exact right SSS-button chicken-waggle voodoo dance, and actually have it reset, but you are just as likely to just freeze the system completely and be unable to move ''any'' sensors.

Not to put too fine a point to it, '''avoid using the DMT sensors (TV and LST) unless they are the only ones you have'''. This is less of a bother than it may sound. You want to use them, and their automated interaction, when you are engaging buddy- or JTAC-lased targets with GBUs or E-variant laser-guided Mavericks, or when you are just carrying dumb bombs and a TGP does not help much. Any time you ''do'' carry a TGP or a weapon with its own sensor, you should just stay away from the SSS Down switch (the button that selects DMT TV and LST), since it will invariably just cause issues.

== Links and files ==
* [https://www.mudspike.com/chucks-guides-dcs-av-8b-harrier-ii/ Chuck's AV-8B Harrier II N/A guide] at Mudspike.
* [https://www.digitalcombatsimulator.com/en/shop/modules/av8bna/ DCS: AV-8B Night Attack V/STOL by RAZBAM] in the DCS shop.

=== Related DCS Modules ===
* DCS: AV-8B ''Sky Warrior'' Campaign by Eagle86

== More information ==

<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMzSeeUTiLQ</youtube> <youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92NmyhA8DOg</youtube>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II] on wikpedia.
* [https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/av-8.htm AV-8B Harrier] on globalsecurity.org
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLml_c09ciucvv3CIsWImCEqY5XIdbfPxu Redkite's &ldquo;DCS AV-8B NA Harrier Tutorials&rdquo;] series.

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